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Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya
The Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya is located on a coastal plateau of Libya, beyond the boundaries of the city (''extramural''). In approximately 630 BC Greeks from the island of Thera colonized Cyrene. Other Greek colonists not long after increased the population, thus transforming Cyrene into what was regarded as both the largest and wealthiest Greek colony of North Africa. Archaeological excavations of Cyrene's Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone, also known as Kore, daughter of Demeter and legendary Queen of the Underworld and consort of Hades, began in 1969 under the sponsorship of the University of Michigan. Between 1973 and 1981 the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology continued the excavations at Cyrene under the direction of Professor Donald White (Museum Curator Emeritus, Mediterranean Section). Following the renewal of relations between Libya and the United States in 2004, the Cyrenaica Archaeological Project (CAP), under the direction of Professor Susan Kane of Oberlin College, was granted permission to resume the work of its predecessors.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cyrenaica Archaeological Project )〕
The grounds of the Sanctuary to Demeter and Persephone, which include a temple and theater complex, elevate on terraces across the slope of a ravine, specifically the wadi (Arabic: وادي wādī; also: Vadi) bel Gadir, southwest of the walled city. The Sanctuary comprised structures sprawled out over twenty miles and divided into three primary structures: the Lower, Middle and Upper Sanctuaries.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cyrenaica Archaeological Project )〕 The archaeological remains of the walled complex span approximately 850 years of religious activity, dating from ca. 600 BC through the mid third century AD. During the time of this sacred activity at the Sanctuary a voluminous amount of votive material was accumulated in its interior: pottery, lamps, coinage, stone sculpture, jewellery, inscriptions, glass, as well as bronze and terracotta figurines. The pottery excavated at the Sanctuary does provide useful evidence concerning both the question of its foundation and type of religious activity.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mediterranean and Near Eastern Fieldwork at Penn )〕
==Architecture==
All archaeological sites, in some fashion, illustrate the overlays of time and space. With regard to the latter, it is clear that the Extramural Sanctuary's period of use took place from approximately late 7th century to its pre-Imperial Roman phase. The principal epochs of Sanctuary architecture took shape in the background of monumental events in the history of Cyrene (parent city). During the Sanctuary's four phases (see ''architectural style'' above) it underwent significant internal change, but still characteristically remained an ''extramural'' hillside precinct enclosing a variety independent(?) cultic installations. The major concessions to its rather steep-rise setting involve organizing the sloping hillside into a series of terraced zones which are themselves organized (over time) into three separately defined architectural zones: the Upper, Middle, and Lower Sanctuaries.
Enough architectural evidence remains from the late Battiad period to enable one to confidently assert some existence of an Upper Sanctuary and a Middle Sanctuary. Although the identity of the Upper Sanctuary's Classical buildings remains for the most part ambiguous until as late as the Hellenistic period, the artifactual evidence for cultic activity on this level is extremely good. The Sanctuary's expansion north or down the wadi slope to the level of the Lower Sanctuary does not occur until the early Imperial period when both the Upper and the Lower Sanctuary levels take on the architectural features of what henceforth remain their characteristic layouts until the earthquake of 262 AD. Most of the site's architectural limestone and marble frusta located scattered throughout the earthquake levels across the Middle Sanctuary appears to have originated with the Imperial period Upper Sanctuary additions. It is these additions which furnish most of the Sanctuary's restorable monuments. Moreover, although most of the surviving evidence for building activity down to the end of the Hellenistic period pertains to the Middle Sanctuary, in years leading up to the Sanctuary's earthquake destructions in the 3rd and 4th centuries, little new architectural endeavors are undertaken across most of its ca. 1900 sq. m. interior. Instead what new construction occurs takes place mainly at the Upper Sanctuary level. On the whole, the Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone is a physical expansion covering approximately six hundred years of the occupation of its Upper and Middle Sanctuary grounds.〔Schaus, Gerald, Donald White, University Museum, and Donald White. The extramural sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya. V. Philadelphia: 1990, 1990〕
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